MATERIALS AND CLASSIFICATION
1. Definition of the material
Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The existence
of the material can be determined by using the senses. Each material has the
properties or characteristics. For example, salt and sugar are both white
solids, but sugar taste sweet and when heated will change color to brown, while
the salt has a salty taste and will melt when heated
The nature of the material can be classified into physical and
chemical properties. The physical properties are properties that describe the
physical state of matter that include color, odor, boiling point, melting
point, freezing point and others. The chemical properties are the properties of
matter related to the energy and chemical changes that accompany it. For
example, flammability, ease of rusty, ease of reaction and others
The material is classified in three forms, namely solid, liquid and
gas. The material is a solid shape and volume remained. The material in liquid
form has a shape depends on the container they occupy, but has a fixed volume.
Gaseous material has a shape and volume are not fixed
2. Classification of the material
A. classification in physics
Generally, various types of material contained in the different
nature of physical shape due to differences in the circumstances. Examples of
water, there are as ice (water in solid form), water in liquid form, and as a
vapor (gas). Sodium metal is usually solid, but can melt into a silver colored
liquid when heated to 98oC. Sodium bluish liquid turns to gas when the
temperature is increased to 883oC at normal pressure. Something similar,
normally gaseous chlorine, can form a yellow liquid or solids in appropriate
situations
The main characteristic of a solid substance is to have strong
properties. Solids tend to maintain their shape when external force is applied,
while the fluid is liquid and gas form, meaning it can flow both form and shape
can change when subjected to external forces. The difference between the form
of gas, and liquids are incompressible nature to her. Gas is compressed, while
the liquid is difficult to be compressed. The two properties, namely the
hardness and congestion can be used to define the three states of matter
Solids, forms of matter characterized by toughness, solids are
relatively incompressible and has a fixed shape and volume. Liquid, the
material forms a relatively incompressible and has a fixed volume, but its
shape can be changed. Vapor, forms a relatively incompressible material, the
amount of gas in shape and size according to the container
Other properties such as density can also be used to distinguish
the three states of matter. Solids and liquids have a higher density than the
gas erlatif. For example, the density of ice approximately 0.92 g / cm3, the
density of water in liquid form about 1.0 g / cm3, and water vapor around 6 x
10-4g / cm3. In almost every case, the shape of the liquid material is less
dense than the solid state (except water which has anomaly). The third form of
matter, ie solid, liquid, and gas, referred to as a form of matter
B. chemical classification
a. Atom
Atoms are the basic unit of all the objects that consist of a
nucleus (nuclei) and surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.
Atomic nucleus consists of positively charged protons and neutral neutrons
(except hydrogen atoms that there are no neutrons). Atomic radius of about 3-15
nm. Electrons contained in the atom bound to the nucleus by the electromagnetic
force. With the style of that atom can bind with other atoms and form a
molecule. Until now, the atoms can not be seen with any optical instrument
including microscope
Atoms are the number of protons and electrons at neutral.
Meanwhile, if a different number called ions for positively charged or
negatively. If the number of protons more, then the positively charged atom. If
the number of electrons more, the negatively charged atom. More than 99.9% of
an atom's mass is centered on the nucleus of the atom. Atoms consist of three
basic particles, namely:
a)
Proton:
positively charged particles (+1), its diameter is only 1/3 the diameter of the
electron, but it has a mass about 1840 times the mass of the electron
b)
Electron:
a negatively charged particle (-1), have the lightest mass is only 1/1840 times
the mass of the proton or neutron
c)
Neutrons:
uncharged particles (neutral), has a mass roughly equal to the combined mass of
the proton and electron
b. Element
The element is a single substance that can not be broken down into
other substances with simplicity of an ordinary chemical reaction. Examples of
elements in everyday life: Charcoal black, contained in the combustion residue,
in pencil and used as electrodes in batteries, is the element carbon. Metal element
can also be encountered in the form of gold, silver and platinum. Examples of
the metal element cadmium, mercury and lead
a). type element
Divided into metals and non-metal elements
· Element Metal
Metal is the element that has the shiny properties and generally
conduct electricity and a good conductor of heat. Metal elements are generally
solid at normal temperature and pressure, except for mercury in liquid form. In
general, malleable metallic element that can be formed into other objects. Some
metal elements of which are iron, gold, silver, platinum, and copper.
· Non Metallic Elements
The non-metallic element is an element that does not have
metal-like properties. In general, non-metallic elements are gaseous and solid
at the temperature and pressure of a non-metal normal.Contoh gaseous oxygen,
nitrogen, and helium. Examples of non-metals that are solid are sulfur, carbon,
phosphorus, and iodine. The non-metallic element that is a liquid is bromine.
· Elements Semi Metal
In addition to metal and nonmetal elements there are also elements
semi metal or known as metalloid. Metalloid is an element that has the
properties of metals and non-metals. Semi-metallic element is usually
semi-conductors. Materials that are semi-conductors can not conduct electricity
well at low temperatures, but the nature of the electrical conductivity becomes
better when the temperature is higher. In general, the elements found in nature
is not a free element, but joined with other elements or elements of similar
shape in the form of ore or mineral compounds.
c. compound
The compound is a combination of two or more elements through a
chemical reaction so that a new substance that has different properties from
the elements penyusunya. The compounds can be found easily in our daily lives,
for example, only one of the compounds most frequently encountered are water
(H2O), which is a combination of elements of Hydrogen and Oxygen. The
characteristics of the compounds are as follows:
· Composed of two or more elements by chemical reaction
· The compounds have different properties from their constituent
elements
· Can be decomposed into constituent elements only by ordinary
chemical reaction
· Comparison of the mass of constituent elements always remain
· Can be described chemically, but not physically.
The compound nature is very different from the nature of its
constituent elements. An example is water (H2O), which is composed of the
elements hydrogen and oxygen. As we know that hydrogen is a gas that is very
lightweight and very easy to burn, while Oxygen is a gas that is useful for
combustion. Where appropriate to the nature of penyusunya element of water will
have a burning properties. However, what happens is that water has the property
to extinguish the fire and not burn.
d. mixture
The mixture is a substance consisting of two or more different
substances merge into one that still has its original astringent properties by
not having a fixed composition.
a)
Homogeneous
mix
Homogenous
mixture is a mixture that can not distinguish between substances that are mixed
up in it. All parts in a homogeneous mixture of the same nature. For example:
Air is a mixture of various gases such as nitrogen, oxygen, etc., and each gas
can not be distinguished.
b)
Heterogeneous
mix
Heterogeneous
mixture is a mixture containing substances that are immiscible with each other
perfectly. So, recognizable differences in the properties of the particles of
the mixed substances, such as shape and color. Examples: Soil mixed with water,
rice flour mixed with water, etc.
Sometimes a mixture having component particles so fine that looks a
homogeneous mixture, but when viewed with a microscope, clearly visible
differences constituent particles. A homogeneous mixture with a microscope was
indistinguishable constituent particles called solution
Give me another example of the compounds ??
BalasHapusExamples of chemical compounds that we usually encounter in everyday life are many different kinds, such as mixed compounds and inorganic compounds. The following will I give some examples of compounds in everyday life:
Hapus1. Acetic Acid (CH3COOH) Vinegar 2. Ammonia (NH3) Fertilizer
3. Ascorbic Acid (C6H8O6) Vitamin C
4. Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Building Materials
5. Baking soda (NaHCO3) Making bread
6. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Freshening drink
7. Aspirin (C9H8O4) Relieving pain
8. Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) Acidic acid
9. Chloride acid (HCl) Floor cleaner
10. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Kitchen Salt
What Difference of element metal and non metallic element, give example?
BalasHapusMetals are excellent electrical and heat conductors, while non-conducting poor electrical conductors (insulators). Non-metals are more present in nature than metals, but metals are widely present in the periodic table. The metal is flexible as well as strong, while the nonmetals are fragile. The melting point and boiling point of metal is higher than nonmetallic. Metals are usually in solid form, while non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas. The metals when subjected to electron chemical changes become loose while nonmetals get electrons and turn into anions. Another difference is the metal has a luster or bright, while non-metal look dull but comes with a variety of colors. The metal generally forms the basic oxide, but non-metals are good oxidizing agents Metal examples: aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), gold (Au), iron (Fe), tin (Sn), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti) , Uranium (U), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) Nonmetallic elements: hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), silicon (Si), helium (He), argon (Ar), neon (Ne)
Hapuswhat is the spesific difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous mixture??
BalasHapusA homogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more substances in which all substances have a uniform arrangement, making it difficult to distinguish between the components of one substance to another. A homogeneous mixture in everyday life is commonly known as a solution.
HapusExample: Sugar solution (mixture of water and sugar), Salt solution (mixture of water and salt), Soft drink and tea and milk solution
In a homogeneous mixture, the appearance is uniform and so is the composition. Most homogeneous mixtures are solutions. In solution, if one component is a powder or liquid dissolved with another liquid, then we will not be able to see the various components separately. We see it as one of the fluids. Air without visible particles is also a homogeneous mixture. But in fact the air consists of various gases.
In a heterogeneous product, we can easily distinguish the different components in it. If you try to mix sand and water, it will not dissolve. We also have homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts. The homogeneous catalyst is used in the same phase as the reactant and will be in the same state of matter as the other reactants. Heterogeneous catalysts are used in different phases of the reactants and can be in different counts of the state of the reactants.
Heterogeneous mixture is a mixture of two or more substances in which the constituents are not the same or not uniform so that it can still be distinguished between the constituent particles.
Example: a mixture of soil and gravel, granite
Heterogeneous mixed components can be separated very easily but separating components of homogeneous mixtures can be difficult. If you have a heterogeneous mixture of sand and water, you can possibly precipitate the sand and separate the components. If you have a homogeneous mixture such as a sugar solution, you must separate it by the evaporation process
what is the difference of elements and compounds?
BalasHapushi mariana, Differences of Elements and Compounds The element is fed from one type of atom, while the compound is composed of two types of elements or more chemically.
HapusElements can not be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions, while the compounds can be broken down into their constituent elements by ordinary chemical reactions.
The element is distinguished by the number of atommya while the compound is distinguished by fixed ratio and different elements (arranged in the manner specified)
Elements are represented by symbols such as (H, C, O, Na, etc.) while indicated by formulas such as (H20, NaCl, CO2, etc.)
In compounds the mass of the constituent elements is always fixed.
Compounds have different properties with the nature of constituent elements
What is the difference of Elements Metal, Non elements metal, and Elements Semi Metal ? Give me the examples, please
BalasHapusHai novi, Element Metal
HapusMetal is the element that has the shiny properties and generally conduct electricity and a good conductor of heat. Metal elements are generally solid at normal temperature and pressure, except for mercury in liquid form. In general, malleable metallic element that can be formed into other objects. Some metal elements of which are iron, gold, silver, platinum, and copper.
· Non Metallic Elements
The non-metallic element is an element that does not have metal-like properties. In general, non-metallic elements are gaseous and solid at the temperature and pressure of a non-metal normal.Contoh gaseous oxygen, nitrogen, and helium. Examples of non-metals that are solid are sulfur, carbon, phosphorus, and iodine. The non-metallic element that is a liquid is bromine.
· Elements Semi Metal
In addition to metal and nonmetal elements there are also elements semi metal or known as metalloid. Metalloid is an element that has the properties of metals and non-metals. Semi-metallic element is usually semi-conductors. Materials that are semi-conductors can not conduct electricity well at low temperatures, but the nature of the electrical conductivity becomes better when the temperature is higher. In general, the elements found in nature is not a free element, but joined with other elements or elements of similar shape in the form of ore or mineral compounds.
A combination of two or more atoms, either atom
BalasHapussimilar atoms and between atoms
Different is called
hi eka, Called molecules. A combination of two or more atoms, either atoms similar atoms and between atoms
HapusDifferent is called Thus, the molecule of the compound is the smallest particle of a compound which still has the same properties as that compound. Combined two or more atoms, both different and different atoms can combine to form molecules. Combined similar atoms are called unsure molecules, whereas the union of atoms is not a kind of molecule called a compound
What is the significant differences between compounds and molecules? And give me the example
BalasHapushai mutia, Molecules are formed when two or more atoms join together chemically. While the compound is a molecule containing at least two different elements. All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds. The hydrogen molecule (H2), the oxygen molecule (O2) and the nitrogen molecule (N2) are not compounds because they each consist of one element. Water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are compounds because each is made of more than one element. The smallest part of each of these substances will be referred to as molecules. For example, a single molecule of hydrogen is made up of two hydrogen atoms while a single molecule of water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom
HapusWhat is the monoatomic and diatomic?
BalasHapusMonoatomics are ions formed from a single atom. Ions with positive charges, such as sodium (Na +) are cations. And ions with negative charges, such as chlorine (Cl-) an anion. Monoatomic ions are also known as simple ions. And Diatomics is a molecule consisting of only two atoms. Both atoms can be the same or different elements. The prefix in diatomic word comes from the Greek meaning two. The elements found in the form of a diatomic molecule include hydrogen (H2), nitrogen (N2), oxygen (O2), and halogen: fluorine (F2), chlorine (Cl2), bromine (Br2), iodine (I2), and astatin (At2)
HapusPlease provide the characteristics of the non metal elements.
BalasHapusHai gita, The properties of metal elements include: generally shiny, a good electrical conductor, a good heat conductor, can be forged into slabs or sheets, can be stretched or pulled into a wire and generally solid form except mercury (mercury).
HapusSo what is the conclusion of the material that you post?
BalasHapusMatter is anything that has mass and occupies space. The existence of matter can be known by means of the senses. Each material has its own characteristics or characteristics. Calcified material ie atoms, elements, compounds and mixtures. Atoms are the basic units of all objects composed of nuclei (nuclei) and are surrounded by negatively charged electron clouds, Element is a single substance which can not be decomposed into other simpler substances by ordinary chemical reactions. The compound is a composite of two Or more by chemical reaction to become a new substance having different properties than its bending agent and Mixture is a material consisting of two or more different substances joined together which still have the nature of the original substance having no fixed composition.
HapusWhether the atom can still be divided again ???
BalasHapusAccording to John Dalton the atom is the smallest part of a matter that can not be subdivided, whereas in fact the atom can still be subdivided into sub-subatoms consisting of (protons, neutrons, and electrons) this fact can be proven by Thomson through his experiments. Theory of Atom Thomson , Which states that: "Atoms are positive globular spheres and they are distributed electron negative charges"
Hapuswhat is different of element and moleculs and give me examples?
BalasHapusA combination of some elemental atoms, can be two or more. This means that when talking molecules, then imagine is a combination of atom2 (not 1 atom). Molecule is the smallest particles of an element / compound If the combination of atoms of the same element is called the Elemental Molecule, for example: O2, H2, O3, S8 whereas the element may be an elemental atom / molecule. Elements of a particle of atoms, meaning that the element can stand alone or contain only one atom only If the combination of atoms of different elements of the species then called Molecular Compounds, for example: H2O, CO2, C2H5
HapusWhat properties does the material have?
BalasHapusA. Extensive properties
HapusExtensive properties are properties that depend on the amount or size of the substance. Extensive properties consist of weight and volume.
1. Weight
The more a substance the greater the weight. For example a motorcycle will be heavier than a bicycle because the motorcycle is composed by more substances than the bike.
2. Volume
The greater the amount of the substance, the more volume it occupies, except for gas. If you weigh the same sugars of rice and sugar, are they both equal? Of course not? The amount of sugar will be more than rice, this shows the volume of sugar is greater than the volume of rice.
B. Intensive properties
Understanding of intensive nature is a property that does not depend on the amount or size of the substance. This intensive nature can be divided into two. Kima properties and physical properties I have described in the past post, can be read in the article entitled the nature of physics and chemical properties.
1. Chemical properties
The chemical properties consist of:
A. Stability
B. Reactiveness
C. Ionization Style
D. Fires
2. Physical properties
Physical properties consist of:
A. Specific gravity
B. Density
C. Violence
D. Solubility
E. Electrical conductivity
F. Magnetism
G. Form of substance
H. Boiling point
I. Melting point
J. Freezing point
K. Color
L. Smell
M. Flavors