TEACHER'S DIALOGUE AND STUDENTS ABOUT CHEMICAL LESSONS

In class during chemistry lesson

Teacher: good morning student

Student: good morning miss

Teacher: okay we will start today's lesson. Today we will discuss about alkaline elements. Does anyone know what an alkaline element is?

Wulan: I know miss, Alkali metal is a group of chemical elements in Group 1 of periodi table

Teacher: Well the answer is correct. Thus Alkali metals are a group of chemical elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, except hydrogen. This group consists of: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and franium (Fr). All the elements in this group are so reactive that they are naturally never found in a single form. To inhibit reactivity, alkali metal elements must be stored in the oil medium.

Pipit: miss why alkaline element is very reactive?

Teacher: is there anyone who can answer the question from the pipit?

Nanda: I miss, according to the book I read The element of Alkali belongs to the reactive element group, because the Alkali element is very easy to release the valence electrons on the skin

Wulan: miss I think Alkali metals are very reactive because in their outermost shells they have only one electron and this causes the Alkali metals to become very unstable (stable if 2 or 8)

Teacher: nah student, all the answers from your friends are correct, so alkaline element is very reactive because caused ease of release valence electron on skin ns1 form compound with +1 oxidation number. Therefore, the elements of alkali metal are not found as free metal in nature, but are in the form of compounds. Do the sparrows and others already understand?

Student: yes miss we already understand (in answer simultaneously)

Teacher: next All elements of class IA are silvery white in solid metal form, except cesium in liquid form at room temperature. Alkali metal Sodium is a soft metal and can be cut with a knife. Alkali metal Potassium is softer than sodium. Physical properties of alkali metals such as soft with low melting points. Alkali metals are the most powerful reducing agents, as indicated by a negative standard reduction potential.

Wulan: miss why low alkali metal melting point?

Teacher: is there any answer from wulan question?

Student: do not know miss (answered in unison)

Teacher: low melting point becomes an indication that antagonic metal bond in alkali is very weak. This is due to the atomic radius of alkali metal is relatively large compared to other elements in one period. The decrease in the melting point of the lithium alkali metal to cesium is due to the radius of the larger atom thus reducing the bonding strength of the metal antaratome

Nanda: miss whether alkali element is useful in everyday life?

Teacher: good question nanda. Many alkaline elements are used as lubricants, batteries, glass industry, alloy materials in tin, aluminum, and magnesium which are reinforcing. For example Sodium: Sodium or also known as sodium have many benefits for humans such as: Sodium Nitrate is the main material of making gunpowder, Sodium Sulfate Compound, Sodium Carbonate, and Sodium Hydroxide widely used in the paper industry, Sodium Carbonate is used as absorbent Pollutants from factory chimneys. Selin is also used in glass and detergent industry, Kitchen Salt (Sodium Chloride) widely used for various dishes, Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) is used as a cake developer. Potassium (Potassium) is also used for example: Potassium is widely used as a fertilizer maker, Potassium Hydroxide is used in Detergent and Potassium Bromide industry used in photography. In addition to the above three metals, there is still cesium that can be utilized in radiation detection equipment.

Student: oh means the alkali element is very useful ya miss?

Teacher: yes alkali element is useful in human life. Can anyone conclude today's material?

Rena: I miss in my opinion today's conclusion Alkali metals are a group of chemical elements in Group 1 of the periodic table, except hydrogen. This group consists of: lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and franium (Fr)

Pipit: so alkaline element is very reactive because caused ease of release valence electrons on skin ns1 form compound with +1 oxidation number

Wulan: Alkaline element Widely used as a lubricant, battery, glass industry, alloy materials in tin, aluminum, and magnesium are reinforcing. So the alkaline element is very useful in human life

Teacher: Well, all the conclusions are pretty good. Do you understand about today's lesson?

Student: already miss (in reply synchronously)

Teacher: okay because our time is up, we continue next week, for next week's material the students will be divided into small groups so prepare yourself as best as possible, for members of his group will be in further notice. See you next week

Student: yes miss, see you too

Since the time was up, the Master left the class room

USING ENGLISH TO SHOW CAUSE AND EFFECT

CAUSE AND EFFECT CHEMICAL REACTION

GLOBAL WARMING

1. Understanding of global warming

In general, Global Warming is an event of increasing average temperatures in the layers of the atmosphere and the surface of the earth. According to various studies, at this time the temperature on the surface of the earth has shown a very drastic increase of about 0.6 ° C that occurred in the last century

The symptoms of global warming are the turn of the season that is difficult for us to predict, the frequent occurrence of whirlwinds, white coral reefs, and floods and droughts in unfamiliar territories

2. Causes of global warming

A) Greenhouse Effect: the greenhouse effect is the process of warming the planet's atmosphere. The greenhouse effect occurs due to the heat that is reflected to the surface of the earth trapped by gases in the atmosphere, so that it can not be transmitted into space, but is reflected back to the surface of the Earth.

B) Increased Greenhouse Gases: Gases have properties that trap heat, so the heat reflected off the earth's surface can not be transmitted to the light as a result of the gas, the gases are greenhouse gases

C) Uncontrolled use of CFCs: CFCs or Cloro Flour Carbons are chemicals that are incorporated into an ingredient for producing equipment, especially in household appliances. CFCs are in refrigerators and air conditioners

D) Pollution Gasoline-fueled vehicles: Pollution generated by gasoline-fueled vehicles such as motors, cars and other vehicles where the disposal results in excessive carbon dioxide gas

E) Methane pollution by agriculture, plantation and animal husbandry: Methane gas ranks second as the main cause of global warming. Methane gas can be derived from oxygen-deficient organic materials from the breakdown of bacteria such as in rice fields

F) Forest Destruction: Forests function in absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen, if forests are damaged by logging and burning, what happens is the amount of carbon dioxide absorbed by the forests, and the more carbon that congregates in the atmosphere causing global warming

G) Pemboroson Electrical Energy: the combustion results produce carbon dioxide

H) Vehicle Population Continues to Increase: Increasing the number of vehicles then carbon dioxide produced from the vehicle will increase and of course cause global warming

I) Excessive Rubbish Burning: Excessive burning of excess rubbish will cause global warming because of the combustion of such waste is methane gas, which can trap heat

3. The impact of global warming

A) Glaciers (ice plains) melt or melt as the earth's temperature increases

B) Small islands will sink because of the rising surface of the earth

C) The warm water temperature will allow the storm to occur

D) Heat waves or heat waves will be more frequent on this earth

E) The occurrence of drought that will affect the reduced food

F) War and conflict will occur more frequently due to land grabs

G) The spread of various diseases even formerly absent

H) If the agricultural sector is damaged then the economic possibilities are also damaged

I) Ecosystems will be damaged due to climate change due to global warming

J) The possible impact is the extinction of living things

CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY TERMS

CHEMISTRY VOCABULARY TERMS

This is a list of important chemistry vocabulary terms and their definitions

1.  acid  : There are several ways to define an acid, but they include any chemical that gives off protons or H+ in water. Acids have a pH less than 7. They turn the pH indicator phenolphthalein colorless and turn litmus paper red

2. acid anhydride : An acid anhydride is an oxide that forms an acid when it is reacted with water. For example, when SO3- is added to water, it becomes sulfuric acid, H2SO4

3.   actual yield : The actual yield is the amount of product you actually obtain from a chemical reaction, as in the amount you can measure or weigh as opposed to a calculated value

4.  addition reaction : An addition reaction is a chemical reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond

5.  chemical equation : A chemical equation is a description of a chemical reaction, including what reacts, what is produced, and which direction(s) the reaction proceeds

6. chemical property : A chemical property is a property that can only be observed when a chemical change occurs. Flammability is an example of a chemical property, since you can't measure how flammable a substance is without igniting it (making/breaking chemical bonds)

7.    covalent bond : A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share two electrons

8.  critical mass : Critical mass is the minimum quantity of radioactive material needed to cause a nuclear chain reaction

9.   critical point : The critical point is the endpoint of the liquid-vapor line in a phase diagram, past which a supercritical liquid forms. At the critical point, the liquid and vapor phases become indistinguishable from one another

10.   crystal : A crystal is an ordered, repeating three-dimensional pattern of ions, atoms, or molecules. Most crystals are ionic solids, although other forms of crystals exist.

11.  delocalization : Delocalization is when electrons become free to move all over a molecule, such as when double bonds occur on adjacent atoms in a molecule

12.  denature  : There are two common meanings for this in chemistry. First, it can refer to any process used to make ethanol unfit for consumption (denatured alcohol). Second, denaturing can mean breaking down the three-dimensional structure of a molecule, such as a protein is denatured when exposed to heat

13.  diffusion  : Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration

14.   redox reaction : A redox reaction is a chemical reaction that involves oxidation and reduction.

15.  resonance structure : Resonance structures are the set of Lewis structures that can be drawn for a molecule when it has delocalized electrons

16.  reversible reaction : A reversible reaction is a chemical reaction which can go both ways: reactants make products and products make reactants

17.    RMS velocity : The RMS or root mean square velocity is the square root of the average of the squares of individual velocities of gas particles, which is a way of describing the average speed of gas particles

18.   salt : An ionic compound formed from reacting an acid and a base

19.  solute : The solute is the substance that gets dissolved in a solvent. Usually, it refers to a solid that is dissolved in a liquid. If you are mixing two liquids, the solvent is the one that is present in a smaller amount

20.  solvent : This is the liquid that dissolves a solute in solution. Technically, you can dissolve gases into liquids or into other gases, too. When making a solution where both substances are in the same phase (e.g., liquid-liquid), the solvent is the largest component of the solution

21.  STP : STP means standard temperature and pressure, which is 273K and 1 atmosphere

22.  strong acid : A strong acid is an acid that completely dissociates in water. An example of a strong acid is hydrochloric acid, HCl, which dissociates into H+ and Cl- in water

23.  strong nuclear force : The strong nuclear force is the force that holds the protons and neutrons in an atomic nucleus together

24.  sublimation : Sublimation is when a solid changes directly into a gas. At atmospheric pressure, dry ice or solid carbon dioxide goes directly into carbon dioxide vapor, never becoming liquid carbon dioxide

25.  catalytic reforming : the process of improving the octane number of straight-run gasoline by increasing the proportion of aromatic and branched chain alkanes. [Catalysts employed are either molybdenum-aluminium oxides or platinum based.]

26.  chain reaction : reactions which proceed by means of a set of repeating cyclical steps, e.g. the free radical addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene

27.  chirality : a term which may be applied to any asymmetric object or molecule. The property of non-identity of an object with its mirror image

28.   chromatography : A series of related techniques for the separation of a mixture of compounds by their distribution between two phases. In gas-liquid chromatography the distribution is between a gaseous and a liquid phase. In column chromatography the distribution is between a liquid and a solid phase

29.  compound : a term used generally to indicate a definite combination of elements into a more complex structure (a molecule) but it is also applied to systems with non-stoichiometric proportions of elements

30. configuration : the order and relative spatial arrangement of the atoms in a molecule. Absolute configuration is when the relative 3 dimensional arrangement in space of atoms in a chiral molecule have been correlated with an absolute standard

31. configurational isomers : a series of compounds which have the same constitution and bonding of atoms but which differ in their atomic spatial arrangement. [E.g. glucose and mannose are configurational isomers. Also called stereoisomers. See also positional or structural isomers.]

32.  conformation : the spatial arrangement of a molecule in space at any particular moment in time. [Most molecules can adopt an infinite number of conformations because of the possible rotation about single covalent bonds. Of these possibilities most compounds tend to spend most time in only one or a few conformational states, called the preferred conformations

33. double bond : some atoms can share two pairs of electrons to form a double bond (two covalent bonds). Formally the second (double) bond arises from the overlap of p orbitals from two atoms, already united by a sigma bond, to form a pi bond 

34.  electronegativity : the tendency for atoms in a molecule to attract electrons. [Measured in terms of the HOMO and LUMO energy levels.]

35.  electronic configuration : the particular order in which electrons are arranged in an atom or molecule. [Used in a distinct and different sense from stereochemical configuration.]

36. electronic transition : in an atom or molecule the electrons have certain allowed energies only (orbitals). If an electron passes from one orbital to another an electronic transition occurs and there is the emission or absorption of energy corresponding to the difference in energy of the orbitals

37.   electrophile : an atom, molecule or ion able to accept an electron pair

38.  electrophilic substitution : an overall reaction in which an electrophile binds to a substrate with the expulsion of another electrophile. [The most common example is the electrophilic substitution of a proton by another electrophile, such as a nitronium ion, on an aromatic substrate such as benzene

39.   energy diagram (or reaction energy diagram) : a graph of the energy of a reaction against the progress of the reaction

40.  enthalpy : a thermodynamic state function, generally measured in kilojoules per mole. In chemical reactions the enthalpy change (deltaH) is related to changes in the free energy (deltaG) and entropy (deltaS) by the equation:

USING ENLISH TO COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE ELEMENT

COMPARE AND CONTRAST

1. Understanding of compare and contrast

Compare and contrast are compositions that explain the ways in which two (or, very rarely, more) objects are the same or different

In this paper, we will discuss how to compare and describe the similarities between objects. When we compare Uberman and Catman, we may describe their tragic backstories, their double secret lives, and their fondness for fighting evil. Basically, the comparison tells what they have in common

The opposite of comparing is contrast. When you contrast two things, you explain the way in which they are different. Contrast Catman and Uberman, we might note the way Catman uses his opponent's power against him, while Uberman depends on violence

So it can be concluded Compare is a level that focuses on equations or levels of "positive" while the contrast is a level that emphasize the difference

2.  Compare and contrast Magnesium and Barium

A. Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Mg and atomic number 12. Magnesium belongs to the class IIA, which is an alkaline earth metal element. Magnesium has a shiny gray color and is included in a solid element. Magnesium also has an oxidation rate of 2

Magnesium is the eighth largest element that makes up 2% of the earth's crust, and is the third most dissolved element in seawater. The alkaline earth metal is mainly used as an alloy to make the aluminum-magnesium alloy often called "magnalium" or "magnelium"

Magnesium
Chemical Symbol	Mg
Atomic number	12
Group	IIA
Period Period	3
elements category	Alkaline earth Metal
Color	Gray color sparkles
Oxidation rate	2
Elements	solid

  B. Barium

Barium is a chemical element in the periodic table that has the symbol Ba and the atomic number 56. Barium belongs to the class IIA, which is an alkaline earth metal element. Barium has a silver gray color and is included in a solid element. Barium also has an oxidation rate of 2

Examples of crystals produced by Barium include Barium sulfate (BaSO4) and Barium hydroxide (B (OH) 2) base examples. Some barium compounds are easily soluble in water and are found in lakes or rivers

Magnesium
Chemical Symbol	Ba
Atomic number	56
Group	IIA
Period	6
elements category	Alkaline earth Metal
Color	Solid gray silver
Oxidation rate	2
Elements	Solid

3. Double Bubble Maps